Educational Articles
Barrett's Esophagus
What is the Risk for Esophageal Cancer?
There are two main types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Squamous cell cancer occurs more commonly among African Americans as well as smokers and excessive drinker of alcohol. This type of cancer has been decreasing in frequency.
The adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, is more common in Caucasians, especially those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This cancer has been rapidly increasing in frequency.
GERD which is a common condition associated with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus usuallly presents with heartburn, a symptoms that up to 20 percent of American adults experience at least twice a week. Although these individuals are at an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, the vast majority of them will never develop it. But in a few patients with GERD (estimated at 10-15%), a change in the esophageal lining develops, thought to be related to chronic injury from acid refluxing into the esophagus. This condition is called Barrett’s esophagus. Most experts believe most cases of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus begin in Barrett’s tissue.
There are two main types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Squamous cell cancer occurs more commonly among African Americans as well as smokers and excessive drinker of alcohol. This type of cancer has been decreasing in frequency.
The adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, is more common in Caucasians, especially those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This cancer has been rapidly increasing in frequency.
GERD which is a common condition associated with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus usuallly presents with heartburn, a symptoms that up to 20 percent of American adults experience at least twice a week. Although these individuals are at an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, the vast majority of them will never develop it. But in a few patients with GERD (estimated at 10-15%), a change in the esophageal lining develops, thought to be related to chronic injury from acid refluxing into the esophagus. This condition is called Barrett’s esophagus. Most experts believe most cases of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus begin in Barrett’s tissue.
BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
What is Barrett's Esophagus?
Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the esophageal lining changes and become similar to the lining of the intestine. A complication of GERD, Barrett’s it is more likely to occur in patients who either experienced GERD first at a young age or have had a longer duration of symptoms. The frequency and or severity of GERD does not affect the likelihood that Barrett’s may have formed. Dysplasia, a precancerous change in the tissue, can develop in any Barrett’s tissue. Barrett’s tissue is visible during endoscopy, although a diagnosis by endoscopic appearance alone is not sufficient. The definitive diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus requires biopsy confirmation under the microscope.
How Do You Test for Barrett's Esophagus?
Your doctor will first perform an upper endoscopy to diagnose Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s tissue has a different appearance than the normal lining of the esophagus and is visible during endoscopy. Although this examination is very accurate, your doctor will take biopsies from the esophagus to confirm the diagnosis as well as look for the precancerous change of dysplasia that cannot be seen with the endoscopic appearance alone. Taking biopsies from the esophagus through an endoscope only slightly lengthens the procedure time, causes no discomfort and rarely causes complications. Your doctor can usually tell you the results of your endoscopy after the procedure, but you will have to wait a few days for the biopsy results.
Who Should be Screened for Barrett's Esophagus?
Barrett’s esophagus is twice as common in men as women. It tends to occur in middle-aged Caucasian men who have had heartburn for many years. It is yet unclear who should be screened. Even in patients with heartburn, Barrett’s esophagus is uncommon and esophageal cancer is very rare. One recommendation is to screen patients older than 50 who have had significant heartburn or required regular use of medications to control heartburn for several years. If that first screening is negative for Barrett’s tissue, there is usually no need to repeat it.
Barrett’s esophagus is twice as common in men as women. It tends to occur in middle-aged Caucasian men who have had heartburn for many years. It is yet unclear who should be screened. Even in patients with heartburn, Barrett’s esophagus is uncommon and esophageal cancer is very rare. One recommendation is to screen patients older than 50 who have had significant heartburn or required regular use of medications to control heartburn for several years. If that first screening is negative for Barrett’s tissue, there is usually no need to repeat it.
How is Barrett's Esophagus Treated?
Medicines and/or surgery can effectively control the symptoms of GERD. However, neither medications nor surgery can reverse the presence of Barrett’s esophagus or eliminate the risk of cancer. There are some experimental treatments through which the Barrett’s tissue can be destroyed through the endoscope; but these treatments can cause complications, and their effectiveness in preventing cancer is not clear.
Medicines and/or surgery can effectively control the symptoms of GERD. However, neither medications nor surgery can reverse the presence of Barrett’s esophagus or eliminate the risk of cancer. There are some experimental treatments through which the Barrett’s tissue can be destroyed through the endoscope; but these treatments can cause complications, and their effectiveness in preventing cancer is not clear.
What is Dysplasia?
Dysplasia is a precancerous condition that doctors can only diagnose by examining biopsy specimens under a microscope. Doctors subdivide the condition into highgrade, low-grade, or indefinite for dysplasia. If dysplasia is found on your biopsy, your doctor might recommend more frequent endoscopies, attempts to destroy the Barrett’s tissue, or esophageal surgery. Your doctor will recommend an option based on the degree of the dysplasia and your overall medical condition.
If I Have Barrett's Esophagus, How Often Should I Have an Endoscopy to Check for Dysplasia?
The risk of esophageal cancer in patients with Barrett’s esophagus is quite low, approximately 0.5 percent per year (or 1 out of 200). Therefore, the diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus should not be a reason for alarm. It is, however, a reason for periodic endoscopies. If your initial biopsies don’t show dysplasia, endoscopy with biopsy should be repeated periodically. If your biopsy shows dysplasia, your doctor will make further recommendations.
The risk of esophageal cancer in patients with Barrett’s esophagus is quite low, approximately 0.5 percent per year (or 1 out of 200). Therefore, the diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus should not be a reason for alarm. It is, however, a reason for periodic endoscopies. If your initial biopsies don’t show dysplasia, endoscopy with biopsy should be repeated periodically. If your biopsy shows dysplasia, your doctor will make further recommendations.
